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Engineering Momentum: Young-Shin Jun: Meeting climate change head on

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By Beth Miller, Engineering Momentum

In Korean culture, one’s name is selected very carefully, as each has a special meaning. For Young-Shin Jun, PhD, the meaning behind her name — given to her by her grandfather — has formulated the philosophy she uses in life.

“Jun means complete, Young means forever and Shin means trust,” says Jun, associate professor of energy, environmental & chemical engineering in the School of Engineering & Applied Science. Her grandfather chose the name because a woman named Young-Shin was the first congresswoman in Korea. At the time, there were few women in leadership positions in that country, but Jun’s grandfather wanted her to be a leader. And she’s taken the name and the charge to heart.

“This is a big name for me, because I think that I should be a person who can trust completely forever,” she says. “I think about my name when I make decisions and ask myself if my decision betrays anyone’s trust.”

In the lab
Jun has many decisions to make as she has been adding to her roles in the Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering since joining the faculty in 2008. Not only does she teach courses, she is principal investigator of the Environmental NanoChemistry Laboratory, where she studies three main areas, all related to meeting the world’s demands for clean water, air and energy: geologic carbon dioxide sequestration, the process of taking carbon dioxide from the atmosphere or flue gases and storing it deep underground to reduce the impact of burning fossil fuels on climate change; the process of how nanoparticles form and transform in natural and engineered aqueous systems; and managed aquifer recharge, a way to recycle stormwater or treated sewage effluent for non-potable and indirect potable reuse.

Maintaining a sustainable energy-water connection is the world’s greatest environmental challenge, she says.

“My contribution to meeting this challenge is to advance our understanding of environmental interfacial reactions by providing in situ, real-time quantitative information from our unique experimental approaches,” Jun says.

Her lab is using a novel process to determine whether nanoparticle transformation in wastewater treatment will introduce more adverse effects on the quality of the effluent water from wastewater treatment systems, how these nanoparticles can be removed from the system or how they can be further used to better remove toxic contaminants. Already, her work in this area has provided new information on the formation of nanoparticles and their reactions in natural and engineered water systems.

“Jun is an excellent colleague and is making contributions both to the scientific community and the department, school and university,” says Pratim Biswas, PhD, chair of the Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering and the Lucy & Stanley Lopata Professor. “She pursues her research endeavors in environmental nanochemistry with passion.”

Jun has added roles in the department outside of research as well. In 2013, she became director of graduate studies for the department, as well as the McDonnell International Scholars Academy Ambassador to Seoul National University in her home city. She is faculty adviser to the university’s chapter of the National Organization for the Professional Advancement of Black Chemists and Chemical Engineers, and she has been recognized nationally with such prestigious awards as the National Science Foundation CAREER Award in 2011 and the Ralph E. Powe Junior Faculty Enhancement Award in 2008. She is currently on the editorial board of Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts.

“As the graduate director of the department, Young-Shin diligently directs the doctoral program consisting of more than 95 students,” Biswas says. “She is an excellent mentor to her doctoral students, and her drive, discipline and devotion to research is a great motivation to the students. At this early stage in her career, she has placed one of her PhD graduates as a faculty member.”

Finding her niche
Encouraged by her parents to study hard, Jun knew from a very young age that she wanted to take a different path from her father and other family in business: She wanted to be a professor. In Korean high schools, students choose to study either literature or science, and often girls are steered toward literature.

“I said ‘no’ to literature,” she says, emphatically. “I had good scores, and I wanted to go to engineering school. If someone tells me I can’t do something, I’m going to do it.”

Jun went to Ewha Womans University in Seoul, the world’s largest educational institution exclusively for women and the starting point for many of Korea’s female leaders. The timing couldn’t have been better — Ewha launched its engineering program, and Jun is one of the first undergraduate students from Ewha’s engineering school. She also earned a master’s degree at Ewha.

“It was challenging, but challenge gives us opportunities,” she says. “I learn more during challenges than when things run smoothly.”

As a child, Jun loved to play in a creek near her home, catching fish and playing in the water. Years later, she returned to the creek to find it filled with waste and devoid of fish.

“That motivated me to do something about it,” she says. “In my PhD application, I wrote about it and said I wanted the next generation to be able to play in creeks and touch things the way I did.”

While a graduate student, Jun took a water chemistry course, and when she read the textbook, it was love at first sight.

"I love water chemistry, but I wanted to expand it because my ultimate and lifetime goal is to develop water chemistry together with nanochemistry and nanotechnology."

“This book, ‘Aquatic Chemistry’ by Stumm and Morgan, is the bible for an environmental engineer,” she says, while gently holding the book she keeps at an arm’s reach in her office. “When I read this book, I realized that I really wanted to do aquatic chemistry. That’s the reason I went for my PhD.”

Jun chose a doctoral program at Harvard University, coincidentally where the late Werner Stumm, PhD, and James J. Morgan, DSc, started their research lab in the 1960s. Her research adviser, Scot Martin, PhD, the Gordon McKay Professor of Environmental Chemistry, wanted to build up the water chemistry area, and Jun was the perfect person to make that happen.

“I really look hard to find a way I can contribute,” she says. “The passion and motivation are the strongest justification of why I’m doing this. If you have passion, it helps to keep you moving forward.”

Abstract:
"My research can play a critical role in determining how to upscale environmental chemical systems to make a major impact on clean water and energy availability,” says Young-Shin Jun, PhD.
ImageUrl: http://admin.seas.wustl.edu/ContentImages/newsphotos/Jun_magazine_news_article_72.jpg
DateAdded: 11/8/2013

Five Minutes with Jessica Wagenseil

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By Beth Miller

One in three American adults has high blood pressure, a serious condition that can lead to coronary heart disease, heart failure, stroke, kidney failure and other health problems. Jessica Wagenseil, DSc, is investigating how mechanical properties of the cardiovascular system contribute to this widespread disease.

Wagenseil, associate professor of mechanical engineering, joined the Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science (MEMS) faculty in August from Saint Louis University. Her work focuses on cardiovascular mechanics, and how the mechanical properties of the large arteries influence cardiovascular development and disease. 

Where are you from originally?
I’m from California. I came here for grad school and met and married a St. Louis boy.

Where did you get your education?
I got a bachelor’s degree from the University of California, San Diego. I got my DSc from Washington University in 2003, working with Ruth Okamoto (DSc, senior research associate in MEMS). I finished my postdoctoral research with Bob Mecham (PhD, Alumni Endowed Professor of Cell Biology and Physiology; interim head of the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology; and professor of medicine, of biomedical engineering and of pediatrics) in 2008.

Explain your research focus.
My research area is cardiovascular biomechanics. MEMS is building a focus in biomechanics with Spencer Lake, (PhD, assistant professor of mechanical engineering); Amit Pathak, (PhD, assistant professor of mechanical engineering); Guy Genin (PhD, professor of mechanical engineering); and Phil Bayly, (PhD, department chair and the Lilyan and E. Lisle Hughes Professor of Mechanical Engineering). I apply mechanical engineering principles to the large arteries — the ones directly off the heart. The heart pumps blood out of the large arteries, and their mechanical properties — whether they are stiff or compliant — affects how much work the heart has to do. Diseases such as hypertension and atherosclerosis are correlated with stiffening of the arteries and can eventually lead to heart failure, so we try to understand how changes in the mechanical properties of the arteries lead to disease and how we might be able to treat them. The other side of my research is cardiovascular development. The large arteries are constructed during development with specific “building materials” of extracellular matrix proteins that provide the necessary mechanical behavior. Genetic defects cause alterations in the amount of matrix proteins available for arterial wall construction and lead to changes in the mechanical properties and ultimately impaired cardiovascular function. We try to understand how the arteries are constructed during development and how we can modify this process in the case of genetic diseases.

Did you ever think about going to medical school?
Yes, but I was mostly interested in the research side of things.

What projects are you working on?
I have two main projects: one focuses on arterial stiffness and hypertension. We use transgenic mice that have stiff arteries and try to understand how stiffness and hypertension are related. We also are trying to see if we can reduce stiffness to reverse hypertension. There are drugs currently in use that are aimed at reducing blood pressure directly, but some affect the mechanical properties of the wall as well, so if we can affect both, it may be a better treatment than just focusing on the pressure alone. That project is in collaboration with Bob Mecham.

My other project involves arterial development. We look at what happens to arterial wall development when matrix genes aren’t expressed properly in the embryonic and newborn mice. We look at gene expression to see what genes are being turned on in the cells that may lead to the improper wall development. We think the mechanical forces from blood flow and blood pressure are really important in affecting the wall development, so we’re trying to measure those and alter those to see if we can slow down some off the defects that occur. The forces felt by the cells depend on the mechanical properties of the surrounding matrix, so we measure those as well. We collaborate with cell biologists and physiologists who provide the transgenic mice, but focus on the disease from a mechanical engineering perspective.

What classes are you teaching?
In the spring I will teach Experimental Methods in Mechanics for upper-level undergraduates and graduate students, and next fall I’ll teach Thermodynamics.

What do you do outside of work?
I have two daughters, Rachel and Lauren, ages 7 and 5. As a family, we like to travel and go to the Saint Louis Zoo, the Science Center and the Magic House.

I play tennis and soccer, and I run. I’m on a very casual women’s soccer league in Clayton, and play tennis with US Tennis Association teams. I like to read when I have time.

What are you most looking forward to now that you’re back at WU?
I’m looking forward to the scientific environment. There are so many people here involved in interesting projects, and my own work will be stimulated by their research.

Abstract:
Professor Wagenseil's research focuses on how the mechanical properties of the cardiovascular system contribute to hypertension.
ImageUrl: http://admin.seas.wustl.edu/ContentImages/newsphotos/Wagenseil_vessel_wall_news_article_72.jpg
DateAdded: 11/1/2013

Two WUSTL faculty named AAAS fellows

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news.wustl.edu

Two faculty members from Washington University in St. Louis have been named fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), the world’s largest general scientific society.

The new fellows are Michael J. Holtzman, MD, and Rohit V. Pappu, PhD. The rank of fellow is the highest honor awarded by AAAS in recognition of distinguished efforts to advance science or its applications.

The WUSTL faculty members are among 388 new fellows acknowledged in the Nov. 29 issue of Science magazine. The 2013 AAAS fellows also will be honored Feb. 15 at the organization’s national meeting in Chicago.

Rohit V. Pappu

Pappu, professor of biomedical engineering, is being honored by AAAS for distinguished contributions to the field of intrinsically disordered proteins and their form and functions, through a unique combination of computer simulations, polymer theories and experiments.

Pappu focuses his research on the biophysics and engineering of intrinsically disordered proteins. His lab has made important contributions to understanding sequence-ensemble relationships of proteins that fail to fold autonomously into well-defined three-dimensional structures. These efforts are contributing to de novo design of protein interaction networks involved in signaling pathways and transcriptional regulation organized around disordered proteins as hubs. His research is supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the National Science Foundation (NSF).

Pappu’s lab also has a significant emphasis on aging-related protein misfolding and aggregation with a particular focus on neurodegenerative disorders such as Huntington’s and Alzheimer’s diseases. The central goal is to understand how protein aggregation and protein homeostasis pathways collude to give rise to neuronal death as a function of aging.

Pappu also is director of the Center for Biological Systems Engineering in the School of Engineering & Applied Sciences. Research within the center focuses on modeling, predicting and designing functions of biological systems that result from integration of signals and responses of biomolecular and cellular networks.

In addition, he is co-director and member of the executive committee of the Center for High Performance Computing and an adjunct professor in the Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, both at Washington University School of Medicine. He also is a member of the Hope Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders at the School of Medicine.

Pappu earned a doctorate in theoretical and biological physics from Tufts University and a bachelor’s degree in physics, mathematics and electronics from St. Joseph’s College in Bangalore University. He completed postdoctoral research in the Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics at Washington University School of Medicine and the Department of Biophysics & Biophysical Chemistry at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. He joined the faculty in the School of Engineering & Applied Science in 2001.

Read more in the WUSTL Newsroom.

Abstract:
Rohit Pappu, PhD, is one of two WUSTL faculty members named fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the world’s largest general scientific society.
ImageUrl: http://admin.seas.wustl.edu/ContentImages/facultyphotos/Pappu_newsart_72.jpg
DateAdded: 11/26/2013

High-tech X-ray imaging technique to offer detailed look at engineered tissue

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By Beth Miller

Mark Anastasio, PhD, has received a grant from the National Science Foundation to develop a new imaging system that will help biomedical engineers see what happens when engineered tissue is implanted in the body.

The three-year, $275,000 grant will allow Anastasio, interim department chair and professor of biomedical engineering at Washington University School of Engineering & Applied Science, to implement and optimize a new 3-D phase contrast X-ray imaging system for evaluating and monitoring bioengineered tissues in a living body. He is collaborating with Eric Brey, PhD, professor of biomedical engineering at Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago, who will contribute expertise in tissue engineering to the project.

“We have an image scientist and a tissue engineer teaming up with the goal of developing a new imaging system that facilitate the development of improved biomaterials,” Anastasio says.

Specifically, Anastasio and Brey seek to use the new imaging system to monitor biomaterials in vivo and evaluate their soft tissue responses. It is generally difficult to evaluate implanted engineered tissues using conventional X-ray imaging technologies because they generate little image contrast, Anastasio says.

The new technique will build on existing imaging techniques, yet address several limitations, according to Anastasio.

“We want to acquire the image data more rapidly so we can investigate an animal model – that’s the goal,” Anastasio says. “Right now, imaging with this technology is a challenge. To make it faster requires the development of innovative image reconstruction methods, which is a topic on which my laboratory possesses world-class expertise.”

Abstract:
With funding from the National Science Foundation, Mark Anastasio, PhD, will develop a new imaging system that will help biomedical engineers see what happens when engineered tissue is implanted in the body.
ImageUrl: http://admin.seas.wustl.edu/ContentImages/newsphotos/Anastasio_research_news_article_72.jpg
DateAdded: 12/4/2013

Staying ahead of Huntington’s disease

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By Beth Miller

Huntington’s disease is a devastating, incurable disorder that results from the death of certain neurons in the brain. Its symptoms show as progressive changes in behavior and movements.

The neurodegenerative disease is caused by a defect in the huntingtin gene (Htt) that causes an abnormal expansion in a part of DNA, called a CAG codon or triplet that codes for the amino acid glutamine. A healthy version of the Htt gene has between 20 and 23 CAG triplets. The mutational expansion in Htt can lead to long repeats of the CAG triplet, resulting in the mutant protein having a long sequence of several glutamine residues called a polyglutamine tract. This CAG triplet expansion in unrelated genes is the root of at least nine neurodegenerative disorders, including Huntington’s disease.

Rohit Pappu, PhD, professor of biomedical engineering at Washington University in St. Louis, and his colleagues in the School of Engineering & Applied Science and in the School of Medicine, are working to understand how expanded polyglutamine tracts form the types of supramolecular structures that are presumed to be toxic to neurons – a feature that polyglutamine expansions share with proteins associated with Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease.

In recent work, Pappu and his research team showed that the amino acid sequences on either side of the polyglutamine tract within Htt can act as natural gatekeepers because they control the fundamental ability of polyglutamine tracts to form structures that are implicated in cellular toxicity. The results were published in PNAS Early Edition Nov. 25.

“These are progressive onset disorders,” Pappu says. “The longer the polyglutamine tract gets, the more severe the disease, and the symptoms worsen with age. Our results are exciting because it means that any success we have in mimicking the effects of naturally occurring gatekeepers would be a significant step forward. And mechanistic studies are important in this regard because they enable us to learn from nature’s own strategies.

“Previous studies from other labs showed that the toxic effects of polyglutamine expansions are tempered by the sequence contexts of polyglutamine tracts in Htt, not just the lengths of the polyglutamine tracts”, Pappu says.

He and his research team focused on understanding the effects of sequence stretches that lie on either side of the polyglutamine tract in Htt.  The results show that the N-terminal stretch accelerates the formation of ordered structures that are presumed to be benign to cells, whereas the C-terminal stretch slows the overall transition into structures that are expected to create trouble for cells, suggesting that these naturally occurring sequences behave as gatekeepers. 

“It appears that where polyglutamine stretches are of functional importance, nature has ensured that they are flanked by gatekeeping sequences,” Pappu says.

Pappu and his team are now working to find way s to mimic the effects of the N- and C-terminal flanking sequences from Htt. His team is working closely with Marc Diamond, MD, the David Clayson Professor of Neurology at the School of Medicine, to understand how naturally occurring proteins interact with flanking sequences and see if they can coopt them to ameliorate the toxic functions in the polyglutamine expansions.




The School of Engineering & Applied Science at Washington University in St. Louis focuses intellectual efforts through a new convergence paradigm and builds on strengths, particularly as applied to medicine and health, energy and environment, entrepreneurship and security. With 82 tenured/tenure-track and 40 additional full-time faculty, 1,300 undergraduate students, 700 graduate students and more than 23,000 alumni, we are working to leverage our partnerships with academic and industry partners — across disciplines and across the world — to contribute to solving the greatest global challenges of the 21st century.

Crick SL, Ruff KM, Garai K, Frieden C, Pappu RV. Unmasking the roles of N- and C-terminal flanking sequences from exon 1 of huntingtin as modulators of polyglutamine aggregation. PNAS Early Edition, published online Nov. 25, 2013.

This research was supported by funding from the National Institutes of Health (5R01NS056114).

Abstract:
Professor Rohit Pappu, PhD, and his research team are working to stay a step ahead of toxins that cause nerve cell death leading to Huntington's disease.
ImageUrl: http://admin.seas.wustl.edu/ContentImages/newsphotos/Rohit_research_news_article_72.jpg
DateAdded: 12/5/2013

American Association for Aerosol Research honors Chris Hogan & Tandeep Chadha, AIChE awards Vesna Havran

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Chris Hogan, a WUSTL alumnus and the Benjamin Mayhugh Assistant Professor at the University of Minnesota, received the Friedlander Award for the best PhD dissertation in aerosol research.

Awarded by the American Association for Aerosol Research, Hogan accepted the award at the 30th Annual Conference in Orlando, FL. His thesis was titled: "Charging, Clustering and Fragmentation of Nanoparticles and Macromolecules in Electrohydrodynamic Atomization."
 
The association also honored current doctoral students in Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Tandeep Chadha, with the Best Poster Award
 
Vesna Havran, won the Travel Award from the Catalysis and Reaction Engineering Division at the AIChE in Minneapolis.
Abstract:
Chris received the prestigious Friedlander Award for the best PhD dissertation in aerosol research and Tandeep won the top poster award.
DateAdded: 10/12/2011

$80 million in stimulus grants awarded to WUSTL

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By Caroline Arbanas

Washington University has been awarded nearly $80 million in funding from the 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) to support research across a broad range of projects, including cancer, Alzheimer's disease, renewable energy, diabetes and climate change.

As of Sept. 30, the end of the federal fiscal year, University faculty had received 207 awards. Some $73 million came from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), ranking Washington University among the top 10 academic institutions in NIH stimulus funds. Other awards were received from the National Science Foundation and the Department of Energy.
 
"The research funding we have been able to attract to Washington University will lead to new discoveries that will have direct benefit to people throughout our region and, indeed, across the world," Chancellor Mark S. Wrighton said. "Our successful competition for this funding is in large measure due to our many talented and experienced faculty who have distinguished themselves as world-class researchers. I am proud of the extra effort that many in our community made to bring this funding to St. Louis."
 
In all, 175 faculty members from the School of Medicine, Arts & Sciences, School of Engineering & Applied Science and the George Warren Brown School of Social Work received awards.
 
The largest chunk — $10 million — went to the Genome Center for a project to generate comprehensive genetic maps of mutations that underlie 20 different types of cancer. The researchers will sequence the DNA of cancer patients and compare it with DNA from tumor samples of the same patients to identify genetic changes that may be important to cancer. Over time, the project is expected to lead to new ways to diagnose, treat or even prevent cancer.
 
Other awards include:
 
• Developing the technology to produce lithium iron phosphate nanoparticles, which have the potential to improve rechargeable batteries used in portable electronic devices as well as electric cars. Batteries using these nanoparticles are likely to be less expensive, hold a greater charge and last longer than those currently on the market.
 
• Testing an MRI-based heart imaging technique that has the potential to determine whether the heart muscle is alive or dead more accurately than currently available tests. The technique offers unprecedented precision in locating damaged and nonfunctioning areas of the heart and may help to improve the effectiveness of cardiac surgery.
 
• Investigating ways to diagnose Alzheimer's disease before the onset of dementia by combining information from brain scans that image amyloid plaques — a key feature of Alzheimer's — with an analysis of key proteins in spinal fluid. Earlier diagnosis could allow patients to receive new treatments before the disease causes irreversible brain changes that lead to memory loss.
 
• Understanding how current and future global climate change can alter the spread of seeds carried by wind. WUSTL scientists will test a model for wind-driven seed dispersal developed in a large-scale habitat in South Carolina and communicate results with the U.S. Forest Service to aid in conservation efforts.
 
• Establishing a program that helps guide women in poor, minority communities in north St. Louis County through breast cancer screening and follow-up treatment, if needed. Deaths from breast cancer among minority women in this community are substantially higher than the national average.
 
• Evaluating a potential new treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes that is designed to better regulate the release of insulin and maintain healthy glucose levels.
 
• Determining whether blood transfusions can prevent "silent" strokes in children with severe sickle cell anemia as part of an international clinical trial of the therapy. Over time, the strokes can cause neurological problems and are a potentially fatal complication of the disease.
 
• Installing an array of seismographs on the islands of Fiji and on the nearby ocean floor to help determine why some earthquakes occur deep below the earth's surface, where the rock should be malleable and not susceptible to fracture. The research may eventually lead to better understanding of volcanoes, island arc systems, earthquakes and other violent geologic events.
 
The awards have a significant economic impact in the St. Louis region. A recent survey of the economic impact of research grants from the NIH has shown that every dollar of NIH funding to Missouri in 2007 generated $2.09 of economic activity in the community that received the award.
 
"By this estimate, the recent stimulus funding to Washington University will generate well over $200 million in goods and services in our region," said Evan Kharasch, M.D., Ph.D., interim vice chancellor of research. "Moreover, research conducted with stimulus funds furthers our efforts to improve the lives of all people."
 
Additional stimulus grants will be announced in the coming months. Washington University still has a number of grant applications under review at various federal agencies.
Abstract:
Washington University in St. Louis has been awarded nearly $80 million in funding from the 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act.
ImageUrl: http://admin.seas.wustl.edu/contentimages/newsphotos/campus_newsart_72.jpg
DateAdded: 12/11/2009

From your toilet to your gas tank? Engineering biofuel research featured on local NBC affiliate

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By Kevin Held, KDSK.com
 
Below is an excerpt from "From your toilet to your gas tank?"
 

A Washington University professor wants to turn human waste in to fuel.  And Bill Gates wants to help him.

The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation recently awarded Yinjie Tang and his team $100,000 to get started on his idea.
 
The goal is to use genetically modified fungi to turn human waste in to a bio-fuel that can be used in cars. And at the same time, the fungi could kill the harmful bacteria in the waste to make sewage treatment more environmentally friendly.
 
Read more on KSDK.com.
Abstract:
Assistant Professor Yinjie Tang received funds from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation for a project in which human waste is converted into a biofuel.
ImageUrl: http://admin.seas.wustl.edu/ContentImages/newsphotos/Tang_newsart_72.jpg
DateAdded: 11/28/2011

Student-run company, Saturnis, competes in Clean Energy Student Challenge

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Undergraduate students Michael Gidding and Daniel Garcia pitched their new venture, Saturnis, at the Clean Energy Challenge in Chicago on February 29. Saturnis won the $5,000 prize for a Missouri team.

1/16/2012

Saturnis, a company started by undergraduate students Michael Gidding and Daniel Garcia, has been chosen as one of 16 semifinalists in the Clean Energy Trust's inaugural Clean Energy Student Challenge. The students brought home a $10,000 prize and will compete for $100,000 next.

WUSTL is an anchor partner of the Clean Energy Trust, a consortium of prominent business and civic leaders that aims to accelerate the pace of clean energy innovation in the Midwest.
 
 
 
 
 
 
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Abstract:
The WUSTL student team, called Saturnis, was selected for their biomass proposal.
ImageUrl: http://admin.seas.wustl.edu/ContentImages/newsphotos/saturnis_news_article_72.jpg
DateAdded: 3/1/2012

Amazon drones: Technology almost there, insurance and regulation still far off

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By Neil Schoenherr, news.wustl.edu

For Amazon’s recently announced drone delivery system to get off the ground, the company will have to solve numerous difficult technological challenges. Chief among them will be increasing battery life, getting the drones to work without a central command and to “think” on their own, and determining what kind of navigation sensors they will use.

As complicated as those tasks may be, says a robotics expert at Washington University in St. Louis, they will be much more easily solved than the seemingly more simple issues of regulation and insurance.

“In all of the discussion I’ve read about the Amazon drone program, I’ve seen nothing about how these drones will be insured,” says Humberto Gonzalez, PhD, assistant professor of electrical engineering in the School of Engineering & Applied Science.

“Google currently has cars that can drive themselves. We have drones that can maneuver on their own in small numbers. From a robotics standpoint, the technology is there,” Gonzalez says. “But the reason these aren’t more widespread is that the insurance companies must be on board.”

Gonzalez’s research interests are in the broad area of dynamical systems, with an emphasis on computational tools for cyber-physical systems. He studies how components act in tight coordination and how robotic systems interact in open environments.

Read more in the WUSTL Newsroom.

Abstract:
"From a robotics standpoint, the technology is there,” says Humberto Gonzalez, PhD. “But the reason these aren’t more widespread is that the insurance companies must be on board.”
ImageUrl: http://admin.seas.wustl.edu/ContentImages/facultyphotos/Gonzalez_faculty_bio_72.jpg
DateAdded: 12/10/2013

WUSTL joins U.S.-China Clean Energy Research Center

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By Beth Miller

Washington University in St. Louis has joined an international group of researchers working to make great strides in advanced coal technologies.

The university is now part of the U.S.-China Clean Energy Research Center-Advanced Coal Technology Consortium (CERC-ACTC), a group of U.S. and Chinese universities, research organizations and industrial partners designed to advance technology and practices associated with coal utilization and carbon capture, utilization and storage. The U.S. and China represent the two largest coal-producing and consuming nations, and members of the consortium are working together to develop new technologies to improve environmental performance and efficiencies.

President Barack Obama and then-Chinese President Hu Jintao launched the consortium in November 2009 with a five-year, $150 million commitment to build on the more than 30 years of science and technology collaboration between the two countries. U.S. Department of Energy Secretary Ernest Moniz, PhD, and the Chinese Minister of Science & Technology Wan Gang, PhD, lead the steering committee that oversees the CERC.

As a member-at-large, Washington University’s Richard Axelbaum, PhD, the Stifel & Quinette Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science, will evaluate staged oxy-fuel combustion for carbon dioxide capture from coal-fired power plants.

“We are honored to have been invited to join the CERC-ACTC and look forward to working with other members of the consortium to advance technologies for the clean utilization of coal,” Axelbaum says.

Other research taking place within the consortium includes advanced power generation; clean coal conversion technologies; pre- and post-combustion capture; CO2 utilization; CO2 sequestration, simulation and assessment; and communication and integration.

The U.S. Advanced Coal Technology Consortium is led by Jerald Fletcher, PhD, professor of environmental and natural resource economics at West Virginia University, and the China consortium is led by Zheng Chuguang, PhD, professor at Huazhong University of Science and Technology.




The School of Engineering & Applied Science at Washington University in St. Louis focuses intellectual efforts through a new convergence paradigm and builds on strengths, particularly as applied to medicine and health, energy and environment, entrepreneurship and security. With 82 tenured/tenure-track and 40 additional full-time faculty, 1,300 undergraduate students, 700 graduate students and more than 23,000 alumni, we are working to leverage our partnerships with academic and industry partners — across disciplines and across the world — to contribute to solving the greatest global challenges of the 21st century.

Abstract:
Washington University has joined the U.S.-China Clean Energy Research Center-Advanced Coal Technology Consortium, a group of U.S. and Chinese universities, research organizations and industrial partners working to make great strides in advanced coal technologies.
ImageUrl: http://admin.seas.wustl.edu/ContentImages/newsphotos/us_china_energy_news_article_72.jpg
DateAdded: 12/10/2013

Real-time virtualization software to enable embedded systems integration

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By Tony Fitzpatrick

Modern automobiles are marvels of computation and electronics. Cars in recent years could have as many as 100 separate microprocessors, each with its own operating system (OS) and software applications.  Traditionally, automobile manufacturer engineers built a vehicle’s computation from scratch, the end result being both an inefficient assembly and management of the different microprocessors, not to mention a bulky car. It’s estimated that the wiring and cables needed to hold the computation together comprised as much as one-third of the car’s weight.

“Our cars used to be pretty dumb — you admired the engine, you kicked the tires,” says Chenyang Lu, PhD, professor of computer science & engineering at Washington University in St. Louis and a specialist in real-time embedded systems and virtualization. “But the novel, advanced features today come from intelligence.”

To circumnavigate this computational clunkiness and inefficiency, the automobile industry today is turning towards virtualization, which makes it possible to consolidate 100 separate, isolated microprocessors, each dedicated to a single application, into as few as a handful of multicore, powerful microprocessors, each running tens of applications.

Virtualization allows for the running of multiple copies of virtual machines, each with an entire software stack from the application to the operating system, on the same physical machine, allowing for consolidation and flexibility of allocating resources.

“You avoid separate hardware that has to be maintained and integrated,” Lu says. “This adds weight and cost to everything.”

A popular virtualization software is called Xen. Originally developed by the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom, Xen is used by many cloud computing companies, such as Amazon. In cloud computing, a data center provides the use of virtual machines and software packages to users with Internet access. It leverages virtualization technology where users can essentially buy virtual machines with varying speeds and resources. Cloud computing drives mobile phone use, video downloading and many information technology applications.

A major challenge that Xen faces in the embedded systems domain is integration of virtual machines while maintaining their real-time performance guarantees – making sure that all the applications ultimately are run and executed on time.

“In embedded systems such as a car, there are significant benefits to integrate many subsystems virtually on the same common platform,” Lu says. “The problem is that all of the subsystems are competing for the same CPU resources, and real-time performance goes out the window.”

The challenge is as daunting as coordinating an octopus’ legs to run the high hurdles. To address this problem, Lu has developed RT-Xen, an open-source system software to deal with virtual machine scheduling.
 
“The technical problem is: How do you schedule the virtual machines to run on the multicore processors so that they finish their real-time tasks within their timing constraints?” Lu says.

Lu and School of Engineering & Applied Science colleague Christopher Gill, PhD, professor of computer science & engineering, have received a three-year, $304,000 grant from the Office of Naval Research to extend RT-Xen into a new real-time virtualization platform for embedded systems and real-time cloud computing services. This project is in collaboration with Insup Lee, PhD, professor of computer science at the University of Pennsylvania.

RT-Xen runs within a layer of software called the virtual machine monitor that sits beneath the virtual machines. RT-Xen schedules the execution of the virtual machines, and the OS in each virtual machine schedules the “threads,” or applications, to run on the virtual part of the CPU when it gets scheduled on the actual, physical CPU.

“It’s actually a two-level process that’s very tricky because it’s not just allocating memory or disk space, but timing the CPU so that every application can finish on time,” Lu says.

In addition to supporting embedded systems integration, Lu says cloud computing and virtualization technologies are “growing exponentially, with many emerging real-time applications that could benefit from RT-Xen in the future,” he says.

These include autonomous vehicle guidance, intelligent transportation, online gaming over the cloud to run games on mobile phones and tablets, and disaster relief. In the area of intelligent transportation, for instance, he envisions RT-Xen becoming a vital virtualization platform for cloud computing services that coordinate the gathering and analysis of camera, video and car sensor data in real-time to mitigate congestion.

For more information, visit here and here.

The School of Engineering & Applied Science at Washington University in St. Louis focuses intellectual efforts through a new convergence paradigm and builds on strengths, particularly as applied to medicine and health, energy and environment, entrepreneurship and security. With 82 tenured/tenure-track and 40 additional full-time faculty, 1,300 undergraduate students, 700 graduate students and more than 23,000 alumni, we are working to leverage our partnerships with academic and industry partners — across disciplines and across the world — to contribute to solving the greatest global challenges of the 21st century.

Abstract:
Chenyang Lu, PhD, and colleagues have received a three-year, $304,000 grant from the Office of Naval Research to extend RT-Xen into a new real-time virtualization platform for embedded systems and real-time cloud computing services.
ImageUrl: http://cse.wustl.edu/ContentImages/News%20Images/Lu_300.jpg
DateAdded: 12/10/2013

Converting plant waste into biofuel

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By Beth Miller

Two faculty members in the School of Engineering & Applied Science are teaming up to find a way to turn a waste product from wood into biofuel and biomaterials.

Tae Seok Moon, PhD, and Marcus Foston, PhD, both assistant professors in Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, are blending their areas of expertise to convert lignin, a recalcitrant polymer that gives plants their structure, into a fat that can be used as a biodiesel precursor. They are co-principal investigators of a one-year grant received from the university’s International Center for Advanced Renewable Energy & Sustainability (I-CARES).

Foston’s expertise is in breaking down lignin, a by-product of paper and ethanol production, into phenolic compounds. Moon’s expertise is in engineering bacteria. For the I-CARES project, Moon is engineering a bacterial strain, Rhodoccocus opacus, and using it as a catalyst to convert lignin phenolyics into triacylglycerols (TAGs).

One-third of plant biomass is lignin, Foston says, and it is usually thrown away or burned as process heat. Other researchers have stayed away from using lignin because it’s so difficult to break down.

“We’re going to take a material that is considered waste, for which there is no cost to recover, and make it into a high value-added product,” Foston says. “Not just biofuel, but materials and chemicals as well.

“This has never been done before,” Foston says. “This particular project will be a system in which we have a broader platform to produce a wide array of materials from lignin.”

Foston converted lignin into monomer components, but these monomers can be toxic, especially to bacteria. That’s where Moon’s expertise comes into play. He engineered the bacterium Rhodoccocus opacus to make it tolerant to the toxic monomers generated from lignin.

Rhodoccocus opacus is originally isolated in a contaminated soil, so it evolved to obtain the ability to be tolerant to the toxic chemicals and to use the toxins as an energy and carbon source, Moon says.

“So far, we have achieved an almost seven-fold improvement in tolerance of the bacterium to the phenolic compounds,” Moon says. “What we did is simply accelerate the evolution process,” he says.

Foston says this system has the potential to go further. “The nice thing about metabolic engineering is that if we can get bacteria to make one thing, we can get them to make other things,” Foston says. “If we understand the pathway, we can change the genes of the bacteria to make other things.”




The School of Engineering & Applied Science at Washington University in St. Louis focuses intellectual efforts through a new convergence paradigm and builds on strengths, particularly as applied to medicine and health, energy and environment, entrepreneurship and security. With 82 tenured/tenure-track and 40 additional full-time faculty, 1,300 undergraduate students, 700 graduate students and more than 23,000 alumni, we are working to leverage our partnerships with academic and industry partners — across disciplines and across the world — to contribute to solving the greatest global challenges of the 21st century.

Abstract:
Tae Seok Moon, PhD, and Marcus Foston, PhD, are teaming up to find a way to turn a waste product from wood into biofuel and biomaterials.
ImageUrl: http://admin.seas.wustl.edu/ContentImages/newsphotos/Foston_Moon_news_article_72.jpg
DateAdded: 12/10/2013

December Engineering News

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Distributed monthly during fall and spring semesters, Engineering News is designed to inform engineering students, faculty, staff and alumni.

View the December 2013 issue.

Abstract:
The December issue includes video highlights from Vertigo, new research from Barani Raman, PhD, and an alumni feature about Henry A. & Elvira H. Jubel Hall.
ImageUrl: http://admin.seas.wustl.edu/ContentImages/newsphotos/enews_news_article_72.jpg
DateAdded: 12/12/2013

Two Engineering alumni are semifinalists for 2011 Olin Cup Competition

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From ideabounce.com

Marla Esser, BSEP '84, and Steve Reis, BSME '06, are semifinalists for the 2011 Olin Cup Competition.

HomeNav - The Online Home Guide (Marla Esser)
 
HomeNav – the online home guide - is a patent-pending interactive homeowners manual and resource guide. It connects members of the home industry to their customers – homeowners. It helps homeowners better understand and take care of one of their biggest investments…their homes. HomeNav's online home inventory tool and resources offer value-add for real estate, insurance and meet the education and documentation needs of the national green home certification programs. HomeNav - an owner’s manual for every home. Customized. Interactive. Easy-to-use.

HomeNav is an owner’s manual for every home and the “back up” for a home – for replacement, for repair and maintenance, for peace of mind. The interactive home inventory tool provides one place, online, to put all of the information about the home - systems, appliances, fixtures and more. It provides the peace of mind of having an online home inventory in case of an emergency ranging from a minor repair to a catastrophic event. The homeowner resource section provides “how to” information, maintenance checklists, product research, green living, and green building/remodeling information. Businesses in the “home” industry use HomeNav to provide a valuable tool – customized with their company branding and information. Great for realtors, insurance companies, builders, remodelers, HVAC contractors and more. Manufacturers, distributors and home service providers showcase their offerings and web links to a focused homeowner audience. Think “Facebook” for homes.
 
Pixtapes (Steve Reis)
 
To see all the photos for an event, a person needs to search for photos across multiple Facebook profiles, Instagram, Flickr, email, and multiple devices. For public events, there is no simple way for people to create shared group photo albums around an event (e.g. concert) or theme (e.g. graffiti). Pixtapes enables Facebook users to easily create group photo albums by providing simple tools to search, solicit, and compile photos across a user’s entire social graph. Users can create digital photo albums and choose artistic templates to capture the spirit of the album/event. Brands, bands, companies, organizations, and other community managers can also use Pixtapes as a way to engage with community members and fans using photos.
Abstract:
Marla Esser is the creator of HomeNav, an interactive homeowners manual and resource guide, and Steve Reis is the creator of Pixtapes, a web app that makes it easy for friends to create group photo albums.
DateAdded: 2/3/2012

MD/PhD student starts nanotechnology company

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By Caroline Arbanas, news.wustl.edu

Matthew MacEwan is no ordinary medical student.

The neurosurgeon-to-be, a student at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, also is pursuing a doctorate in biomedical engineering. And at 29, he recently started his own company, NanoMed LLC, aimed at revolutionizing the surgical mesh used in operating rooms worldwide.

The lead product, invented by MacEwan and Jingwei Xie, PhD, a former postdoctoral researcher in engineering, is a synthetic polymer mesh made of individual strands of nanofibers. The mesh was developed to repair injuries to the brain and spinal cord but could also be used to mend hernias, fistulas or other injuries.

The nanofiber material has the potential to make operations easier for surgeons to perform. For patients, the mesh could lead to fewer complications after surgery because it naturally breaks down over time.

Read more in the WUSTL Newsroom.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Abstract:
Matthew MacEwan, who is pursuing a medical degree and a doctorate in biomedical engineering, recently started his own company, NanoMed LLC. (Video)
ImageUrl: http://admin.seas.wustl.edu/ContentImages/newsphotos/macwean_news_article_72.jpg
DateAdded: 2/6/2012

2012 Alumni Achievement Award winners

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Eight distinguished alumni will be honored with Alumni Achievement Awards at a dinner on April 19, 2012 at the Coronado Ballroom.

Award recipients include:
 
Dr. Larry Chiang, Senior Advisor, Former President, Siemens Telecommunication Systems
 
Mr. Rich Janis, President, William Tao & Associates
 
Dr. Deepak Kantawala, Consultant, Mahindra Consulting Engineers
 
Dr. Janice Karty, Technical Fellow, The Boeing Company
 
Dr. Miland Kulkarni, Chief Technology Officer, Solar Materials Business, Unit, MEMC Electronic Materials
 
Mr. James McKelvey, Jr., Co-Founder, Square, Inc.; Co-Founder/Owner, Third Degree Glass Factory; Founder/President, Mira Digital Publishing
 
Dr. Jennifer Dionne, Assistant Professor, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University (Young Alumni Award)
 
Dr. Sal Sutetra , Senior Professor, Former Dean, School of Engineering & Applied Science, Washington University (2012 Engineering Dean's Award)
Abstract:
Eight will receive Alumni Achievement Awards: Larry Chiang, Jennifer Dionne, Rich Janis, Deepak Kantawala, Janice Karty, Miland Kulkarni, Jim McKelvey, Jr. and Sal Sutera.
ImageUrl: http://admin.seas.wustl.edu/ContentImages/newsphotos/AAA_news_article_72.jpg
DateAdded: 2/21/2012

Alumnus Jim McKelvey featured in Super Bowl commercial

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"And I turned it into a bank." Jim McKelvey is featured at :12 in the 2012 Best Buy Super Bowl Commercial, "Phone Innovators."

McKelvey is the co-founder of Square, Inc. Square's device connects to iPhone, iPad, or Android mobile devices, allowing businesses to accept credit card payments. www.squareup.com

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Abstract:
McKelvey is featured in the 2012 Best Buy Super Bowl Commercial, "Phone Innovators."
DateAdded: 2/10/2012

In Haiti for the long haul

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After an earthquake rocked Haiti in January, members of the university community answered the call to serve, assisting our beleaguered neighbors to the south. And their work continues...

Here is an excerpt from Washington University in St. Louis Magazine, which features the work of Engineers Without Borders.
 
Engineers Without Borders
Washington University’s chapter of Engineers Without Borders (EWB) wants to be part of the solution. As an undergraduate student, EWB member Jamie VanArtsdalen traveled to Tanzania and learned about fixing medical equipment at a rural hospital. In August 2009, she arrived in Haiti on a yearlong fellowship with Meds & Food for Kids (MFK) that began by preparing the factory, currently located in a retrofitted house, for a successful food-safety audit.
 
Daily, she fixed machinery and sometimes called on experts in the United States to help. Back home over Christmas, she asked two retired engineers to help figure out a thorny problem with MFK’s Hobart mixer, a vital piece of equipment. The glitch turned out to be a faulty bearing, which they promptly replaced.

“Sometimes it’s the sealing machine that has stopped or the peanut dryer that isn’t working,” she says. “There’s always the question of how are we going to patch something together and keep going.”
 
In spring 2009, two other EWB members — Jamie Cummings, Class of ’12, and Cory Flanagin, BS ’06 — along with Robin Shepard, MSMSE ’90, DSc ’96, adjunct instructor in chemical engineering, traveled to Haiti to volunteer at MFK. They wanted to test an idea for turning waste peanut shells into briquettes for fuel. They also tried to build an affordable solar peanut dryer to help Haitian farmers prevent the growth of aflatoxin, a dangerous fungus that ruins some 40 percent of their crop.
Developing the right kind of dryer proved tricky, so Cummings and others will return this summer to continue the work. Engineers Without Borders is also enlisting the help of engineering students Paula Davis, Nora Palitz and Emily Greenseth, along with architecture student Chris Gignoux, to create a prototype idea for a Haitian home as part of their senior design course.
The earthquake only made these needs more acute, they say. Like others who have visited Haiti, these students worry about what will happen next. After the rainy season comes hurricane season — and four hurricanes in 2008 did catastrophic damage to this beleaguered island.
 
“Haitians have a saying,” Steve Taviner says, “and you see it everywhere, painted all over the public transport: ‘L’homme propose et dieu dispose’ (man proposes and God disposes). The earthquake is a reminder of that. This is just one in a long line of challenges for Haiti, just part of the process.”
Abstract:
Engineers Without Borders students return to Haiti to continue long-term projects aimed at combating poverty.
ImageUrl: http://admin.seas.wustl.edu/ContentImages/newsphotos/EWB%20Haiti_newsart_72.jpg
DateAdded: 8/23/2010

Department of Biomedical Engineering will welcome new professor

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Mark Anastasio, currently an associate professor at Illinois Institute of Technology, will join the Washington University in St. Louis faculty early in 2011.
 
Professor Anastasio is a 2006 NSF CAREER Award recipient for "Development of Biomedical X-ray Phase-Contrast Tomography."
Abstract:
Mark Anastasio, currently an associate professor at Illinois Institute of Technology, will join the faculty early in 2011.
ImageUrl: http://admin.seas.wustl.edu/ContentImages/newsphotos/Mark%20Anastasio_newsart_72.jpg
DateAdded: 8/12/2010
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